2020. 1. 30. 20:19ㆍ카테고리 없음
. Juvenile delinquency, also known as ' juvenile offending', is the act of participating in unlawful behavior as (juveniles, i.e.
London crime wave: Shock as six teenagers stabbed in 90 minutes. Cressida Dick, commissioner of London’s Metropolitan Police Service, vowed to use “Al Capone” tactics to try and halt the. Underage purchase and consumption of alcohol is among the leading youth crimes. Some teens go even further by giving alcohol to other underage people, provoking innocent kids to try it and drinking it at public place or in a car, all of which comes under youth crime. As part of the NIJ Study Group on the Transitions Between Juvenile Delinquency to Adult Crime, scholars examined differences between juveniles who persist in offending and those who do not, and also looked at early adult-onset offending.
Individuals younger than the ). Most prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as.
A juvenile delinquent in the United States is a person who is typically below 18 (17 in, and ) years of age and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for people under 18 to be charged and treated as adults. In recent years a higher proportion of youth have experienced arrests by their early 20s than in the past, although some scholars have concluded this may reflect more aggressive criminal justice and policies rather than changes in youth behavior. Juvenile crimes can range from (such as underage smoking/ drinking), to. Youth violence rates in the United States have dropped to approximately 12% of peak rates in 1993 according to official US government statistics, suggesting that most juvenile offending is non-violent.
However, juvenile offending can be considered to be normative adolescent behavior. This is because most teens tend to offend by committing non-violent crimes, only once or a few times, and only during adolescence. Repeated and/or violent offending is likely to lead to later and more violent offenses. When this happens, the offender often displayed even before reaching adolescence.
Contents. Types Juvenile delinquency, or offending, is often separated into three categories:. delinquency, crimes committed by minors, which are dealt with by the and justice system;. criminal behavior, dealt with by the;., offenses that are only classified as such because one is a minor, such as, also dealt with by the juvenile courts. According to the developmental research of Moffitt (2006), there are two different types of offenders that emerge in adolescence. One is the repeat offender, referred to as the life-course-persistent offender, who begins offending or showing antisocial/aggressive behavior in adolescence (or even in ) and continues into; and the age specific offender, referred to as the adolescence-limited offender, for whom juvenile offending or delinquency begins and ends during their period of adolescence.
Because most teenagers tend to show some form of antisocial or delinquent behavior during adolescence, it is important to account for these behaviors in childhood in order to determine whether they will be life-course-persistent offenders or adolescence-limited offenders. Although adolescence-limited offenders tend to drop all criminal activity once they enter adulthood and show less pathology than life-course-persistent offenders, they still show more mental health, substance abuse, and financial problems, both in adolescence and adulthood, than those who were never delinquent. 1936 poster promoting planned housing as a method to deter juvenile delinquency, showing silhouettes of a child stealing a piece of fruit and the older child involved in armed robbery. Delinquency prevention is the broad term for all efforts aimed at preventing youth from becoming involved in criminal, or other antisocial, activity. Because the development of delinquency in youth is influenced by numerous factors, prevention efforts need to be comprehensive in scope.
Prevention services may include activities such as substance abuse education and treatment, family counseling, youth mentoring, parenting education, educational support, and youth sheltering. Increasing availability and use of services, including education and helps to reduce and unwanted births, which are risk factors for delinquency. Is the great equalizer, opening doors to lift themselves out of poverty. Education also promotes economic growth, national productivity and innovation, and values of democracy and social cohesion. Prevention through education aides the young people to interact more effectively in social contexts, therefore diminishing need for delinquency.
It has been noted that often interventions may leave at-risk children worse off then if there had never been an intervention. This is due primarily to the fact that placing large groups of at risk children together only propagates delinquent or violent behavior. 'Bad' teens get together to talk about the 'bad' things they've done, and it is received by their peers in a positive reinforcing light, promoting the behavior among them. A well-known intervention treatment that has not increased the prevention of juvenile delinquency is the Scared Straight Treatment. “The harmful effects of Scared Straight and boot-camp programs may be attributable to juvenile offenders’ vicarious exposure to criminal role models, to the increased resentment engendered in them by confrontational interactions, or both”. This suggests that exposure to criminals could create a sense of idealization and defeat the entire purpose of scared straight treatment. Also, this treatment doesn’t acknowledge the psychological troubles that the teenager may be experiencing.
As mentioned before, peer groups, particularly an association with antisocial peer groups, is one of the biggest predictors of delinquency, and of life-course-persistent delinquency. The most efficient interventions are those that not only separate at-risk teens from anti-social peers, and place them instead with pro-social ones, but also simultaneously improve their home environment by training parents with appropriate parenting styles, parenting style being the other large predictor of juvenile delinquency.
Critique of risk factor research Two UK academics, Stephen Case and Kevin Haines, among others, criticized risk factor research in their academic papers and a comprehensive polemic text, Understanding Youth Offending: Risk Factor Research, Policy and Practice.
Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Jay Hughes, 15, was only one of the teenagers stabbed and killed in London this month London Mayor Sadiq Khan used a BBC Radio 4 interview to highlight young people and knife crime. What is the true situation? In March 2007, following a wave of fatal stabbings of teenage boys and young men in London and Manchester, the government announced that knife crime would be officially recorded in England and Wales in a way it had never been done before. Since then, we have been able to chart the trends and set them in context. Until around 2014, knife crime, as with overall violence, appeared to be on the decline - that's certainly what figures from the police, Ministry of Justice, and health service suggested. The bigger picture The Office for National Statistics is responsible for the Crime Survey of England and Wales, which estimates crime trends from a sample of 34,000 people aged between 16 and 64. The advantage of the survey is that it captures incidents that aren't reported to police, as well as those that are.
In a more recent development, the survey has begun interviewing about 3,000 10-15-year-olds to pick up crime trends among children. The results indicate that the majority of violent incidents involving children aged 10-15 occur around schools, in daylight - and 81% lead to injury. Around 8% resulted in serious injury. Knives and schools Legislation banning people from carrying knives without good reason dates back 65 years. The maximum sentence is a four-year jail term. Over the decades the law has been extended and penalties toughened. In 1988 it was made a specific offence to possess a knife in school.
Crime In Teenagers
Staff do not need consent to search a pupil for a knife, that there are two teachers present and that children are not asked to remove clothes, except items such as coats. Further measures are currently being considered by Parliament, including widening the knife ban to further education colleges. There's some evidence that more children are taking in knives., to which 32 police forces responded, showed a 20% increase on the previous year in knives found in schools. About those who have been caught. It showed that 10-18-year-olds convicted of knife-possession offences were generally lower achievers - 91.1% of them achieved one or more GCSEs, compared with 99.7% for the population as a whole - and they were also more likely than their peers to have been excluded from school. Increasing security There are clear benefits of having police officers permanently stationed in secondary schools, where they can pick up intelligence, help defuse tensions and win the trust of students. Not every school would want or need one, of course, but some do.
However, in London, there are only 305 Safer School Officers in a city with 3,155 schools. The Met aims to increase this to 600 by the end of March 2019. The Mayor's office has also l to take up their offer for a knife-detecting 'hand wand' - 200 schools have done so. Youth Offending The rise in knife crime and the apparent growing involvement of young people must be seen in the context of a substantial drop over the past decade in the number of 10-17-year-olds being arrested, prosecuted, convicted and detained for all types of crime.
That partly reflects overall trends of all offending since 2010, as well as efforts by the authorities to avoid criminalising children.